Often the material that can resist corrosion from the environment of a particular application may not have adequate structural strength. Or because of its low strength it may require use of uneconomically thick sections. An economical solution consists of providing a layer of corrosion-resistant material of suitable thickness on the contact surfaces of the equipment, […]

From all types of containers, Aboveground Storage Tanks are the most used. The different types of tanks are used to store a variety of products such as crude oil and its derivatives, butane, propane, LPG, solvents, water, etc. Continuous production processes (such as refineries) require the storage of products for a later use, transportation or […]

Pipes are the most delicate components in any process plant, they are also the busiest entities. Piping Systems are subjected to almost all kinds of loads, intentional or unintentional. It is very important to take note of all potential loads that a piping system would encounter during operation as well as during other stages in […]

The term heat exchanger encompasses all devices used to transfer energy from one fluid to another. Some examples of this group are: radiators, water heaters, refrigeration batteries, evaporators, steam generators, etc. Direct contact heat exchangers, also known as mix exchangers, are devices where both fluids undergo a complete physical mixture. On the other hand, devices […]

Assuming that the analysis shown in the picture is correct (which it is), the wall thickness of a piping system under internal pressure is a relationship of its internal radius, the internal pressure and the values of the axial and hoop stresses induced according to the material selected. Let’s break this down. Design Conditions An […]

External pressure can be caused in pressure vessels by a variety of conditions and circumstances. The design pressure may be less than atmospheric due to condensing gas or steam. Often vessels are design for some amount of external pressure, to allow for steam cleaning and the effects of the condensing steam. Other vessels are in […]